Do You Know Who to Report To?
CQC? Safeguarding? The Fair Work Agency? Police? ICO? HMRC? Small claims? When something goes wrong in care, there is rarely a shortage of people willing to tell you who to report it to.
Article 3 of 6: Know Who You’re Connecting With
CQC? Safeguarding? The Fair Work Agency? Police? ICO? HMRC? Small claims?
When something goes wrong in care, there is rarely a shortage of people willing to tell you who to report it to.
“Report them to CQC.”
“That’s safeguarding.”
“Go to the police.”
“Report the agency.”
“Take them to small claims.”
Sometimes that advice is absolutely right.
Sometimes it is completely the wrong route.
And sometimes several of those routes may be appropriate at the same time, but for completely different parts of the problem.
That distinction matters.
Because reporting a concern to the wrong organisation can waste time, create more frustration and, most importantly, delay action where somebody may genuinely be at risk.
So before asking “Who do I report?”, we need to ask a slightly different question:
What exactly has happened?
Was someone harmed or placed at immediate risk?
Is an adult experiencing abuse or neglect?
Was poor care delivered by a regulated service?
Has an employment business potentially broken recruitment law?
Has an employer failed to pay wages?
Has a self-employed carer not been paid an invoice?
Has confidential information been mishandled?
Is there a concern about the conduct of a registered nurse or other regulated professional?
Those are different problems.
And different problems have different routes.
The quick guide
The concernThe route that may be appropriate
Someone is in immediate danger, seriously injured or a crime is taking place
Emergency services / Police
An adult with care and support needs may be experiencing abuse or neglect and unable to protect themselves
Local authority Adult Safeguarding
Unsafe or poor care by a CQC-registered provider in England
Provider complaints process and information to CQC
Complaint about an adult social care provider remains unresolved
Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman, where applicable
A service appears to be carrying on a regulated activity without required registration
CQC
Concern about an employment agency or employment business
Fair Work Agency
Worker may not have received National Minimum Wage
Fair Work Agency
Employee/worker has unpaid wages or unlawful deductions
Employer grievance, Acas and potentially an Employment Tribunal
Genuinely self-employed carer has an unpaid invoice
Contractual debt process and potentially a civil money claim
Workplace health and safety concern
Employer/person responsible and, where applicable, HSE or relevant enforcing authority
Personal information or care records have been mishandled
Organisation first and potentially the ICO
Serious concern about a registered nurse, midwife or nursing associate
NMC, where its fitness-to-practise threshold may be met
Concern about another regulated professional
Their relevant professional regulator
Concern about employment status for employment rights
Acas / legal advice; ultimately a court or tribunal can determine status
Concern about employment status for tax
HMRC / Check Employment Status for Tax (CEST)
Suspected tax fraud or deliberate tax evasion
HMRC
Disagreement over the quality of work provided by an independent carer
Usually the contractual complaints/dispute route, unless the facts also justify safeguarding, police, regulatory or another action
That table is deliberately headed “may be appropriate.”
Because real life has an annoying habit of refusing to fit neatly into boxes.
When it is an emergency
This is the easy one.
If somebody is in immediate danger, requires urgent medical assistance, has suffered a serious injury or a crime is taking place, deal with the immediate risk first.
Do not spend twenty minutes wondering whether something technically meets the Care Act safeguarding threshold while somebody needs an ambulance.
Regulatory complaints can come afterwards.
Safety comes first.
When it is an adult safeguarding concern
In England, adult safeguarding duties are primarily set out in the Care Act 2014.
A local authority has a duty to make, or cause to be made, enquiries where it has reasonable cause to suspect that an adult:
has needs for care and support;
is experiencing, or is at risk of, abuse or neglect; and
because of those care and support needs is unable to protect themselves from the abuse, neglect or risk of it.
Safeguarding can include physical, sexual, psychological and financial abuse, neglect, organisational abuse and other forms of mistreatment.
But this is an important distinction:
Something going wrong does not automatically make it safeguarding.
A late payment to a carer is not automatically safeguarding.
An argument about an invoice is not automatically safeguarding.
A disagreement over a notice period is not automatically safeguarding.
A placement turning out to be harder than described is not automatically safeguarding.
There may be other serious issues within those situations, but calling every dispute “safeguarding” does not make the safeguarding system stronger.
It muddies the water.
Where there is genuine concern that an adult is being abused, neglected or cannot protect themselves, however, the local authority adult safeguarding team is an important route.
And safeguarding does not exclude other action.
Financial abuse may also involve the police.
Neglect by a registered provider may also concern CQC.
A worker exploiting a vulnerable adult may also face employment action.
One incident can create several separate issues.
When CQC is the right organisation
CQC regulates registered health and adult social care services in England.
If you have experienced or witnessed poor care from a CQC-regulated provider, CQC wants that information because it contributes to its understanding of the quality and safety of the service.
But there is a misconception worth clearing up.
CQC is not an individual complaints resolution service.
It does not generally investigate somebody's personal complaint and then order a provider to compensate them, apologise or settle their dispute.
Complaints about a care provider should normally be raised through the provider's complaints process first.
If an adult social care complaint remains unresolved, the Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman may be able to investigate. Importantly, this can include adult social care that somebody funds themselves, not only council-funded care.
You can still give CQC information about poor care.
That information may influence monitoring, inspection or regulatory action.
CQC is also an important route if you believe somebody is carrying on a regulated health or social care activity for which they should be registered but is not.
This is why understanding what kind of care business you are dealing with, as we discussed in Article 2, matters so much.
Not everybody working somewhere within the care world automatically falls under CQC regulation.
When the Fair Work Agency is relevant
This one has changed recently.
The Fair Work Agency launched on 7 April 2026, bringing several labour-market enforcement functions together.
Among its current responsibilities are enforcement relating to the National Minimum Wage and regulation of employment agencies and employment businesses.
That makes it particularly relevant to carers working through recruitment businesses.
Concerns about agency practices, breaches of recruitment rules, minimum wage or certain working-time issues may therefore fall within the Fair Work Agency's remit.
But again:
The Fair Work Agency is not the answer to every dispute involving payment.
Which brings us to one of the most important distinctions in this whole article.
Unpaid wages and unpaid invoices are not the same thing
Imagine two carers.
Carer A is a worker or employee and their employer has withheld £500 from their wages.
Carer B is genuinely self-employed and has issued a client with a £500 invoice which has not been paid.
Both carers are owed £500.
Legally, however, they may be dealing with very different problems.
An employee or worker may have rights relating to unlawful deductions from wages. The matter may need to be raised with the employer, through a grievance where appropriate, and advice sought from Acas. An Employment Tribunal claim may ultimately be possible, subject to the relevant rules and strict time limits.
If the issue is failure to pay the National Minimum Wage, the Fair Work Agency may also be relevant.
A genuinely self-employed carer, however, is generally pursuing a contractual debt.
They would ordinarily pursue payment in writing, follow the appropriate pre-court process and, if necessary, consider a civil money claim.
In England and Wales, money owed by a person or business can potentially be pursued through the county court.
That is why one of our first questions at JCC will always be:
Who contracted with whom?
Because it matters.
When health and safety law may apply
Unsafe moving and handling is another area where advice can become oversimplified.
You will sometimes hear:
“Report it to HSE.”
Possibly.
But not automatically.
Employers and organisations can have significant health and safety duties towards workers, and concerns about workplace risks can in appropriate circumstances be raised with the Health and Safety Executive or another relevant enforcing authority.
However, care delivered inside somebody's private home can create additional legal complexities. HSE itself explains that activities classed exclusively as domestic service in a private household may fall outside parts of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act.
And where the concern is patient or service-user safety within a CQC-registered service, CQC may instead be the relevant regulator for that aspect.
So once again, we need facts before slogans.
Who is employing the carer?
Who controls the work?
Where is it taking place?
Is a registered provider involved?
Who is being placed at risk—the worker, the person receiving care, or both?
Those answers matter.
When personal data or care records are involved
Care involves some of the most sensitive information we hold about people.
Medical details.
Medication records.
Care notes.
Addresses.
Family information.
Photographs.
Financial information.
If personal data has been lost, disclosed to the wrong person, stored insecurely or otherwise mishandled, the first route will often be the organisation responsible for that information.
The law around data-protection complaints has also recently strengthened.
Since changes introduced under the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 came into force in June 2026, organisations handling personal data have new statutory duties around data-protection complaints, including having an appropriate complaints process and acknowledging complaints within 30 days.
Where concerns cannot be satisfactorily resolved, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) may become involved.
But remember our recurring theme.
A confidentiality breach could also expose somebody to harm.
So the same incident may involve a data-protection concern and safeguarding.
The routes are not mutually exclusive.
When the concern is about a registered professional
If the concern is about a registered nurse, midwife or nursing associate, serious issues affecting their fitness to practise may be referred to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC).
Other regulated professionals have their own regulators.
But this does not mean every care worker can be “reported to their professional regulator.”
Most care workers and healthcare assistants in England are not registered with the NMC simply because they provide care.
The NMC regulates specific registered professions.
It does not regulate everybody working in social care.
And even where somebody is registered, a professional regulator is generally concerned with issues that may affect public safety, public confidence or professional standards—not ordinary personality clashes, minor disagreements or contractual disputes.
When the real question is employment status
This one deserves particular care because the phrase “self-employed” gets thrown around rather casually in care.
Being told you are self-employed does not necessarily settle your legal status.
Employment status for employment rights and employment status for tax are also separate systems.
For questions about worker or employee rights, Acas can provide guidance, and ultimately a court or employment tribunal can determine employment status.
For tax status, HMRC provides its Check Employment Status for Tax tool—CEST.
If there is suspected deliberate tax fraud or tax evasion, that can be reported separately to HMRC.
So “report them to HMRC because you're actually employed” is not a complete answer either.
First work out which status question you are trying to answer.
What if the problem is an independent carer?
This is where people sometimes discover there is no single regulator waiting in the wings.
An independent carer may be accountable through several different areas of law without being regulated by one dedicated care regulator.
If a family simply believes the service provided was poor or did not meet what was agreed, the starting point may be the agreement between the carer and family.
If money is owed, it may be a contractual debt.
If an adult is at risk of abuse or neglect, safeguarding may apply.
If a crime may have been committed, the police may apply.
If personal data was mishandled, data-protection law may apply.
If the individual is separately registered as a nurse or another regulated professional, their professional regulator may be relevant.
And if somebody appears to be carrying on a regulated activity which legally requires registration, CQC may need to know.
Independent does not mean unaccountable.
It simply means we have to identify the correct source of that accountability instead of inventing one.
Before you report, get the facts straight
Where there is no immediate danger, it is worth taking a few minutes to establish:
- What actually happened, including dates and times?
- Is anybody currently at risk?
- Who employed, engaged or contracted with whom?
- Was the carer employed, a worker, agency worker or genuinely self-employed?
- Is there a registered care provider involved?
- What evidence exists—care notes, messages, invoices, agreements, rotas or incident records?
- Is the issue about safety, employment, payment, data, professional conduct or more than one of these?
- What outcome is actually being sought?
That last question is surprisingly important.
CQC cannot recover your unpaid invoice.
Adult safeguarding cannot determine your employment status.
The ICO cannot award you unpaid wages.
HMRC does not exist to settle a disagreement over whether a carer's work was good enough.
And the police are not a debt-collection service.
Different bodies have different jobs.
Sometimes the answer is: more than one
Imagine a carer arrives at a placement and discovers that the person needs two carers for transfers, despite having been told the placement was suitable for one.
The carer is then instructed to carry out unsafe transfers alone.
During the placement they also witness medication being withheld.
At the end of the week, their invoice is not paid.
That is not necessarily one problem.
It could involve:
risk to the person receiving care;
worker safety;
possible neglect;
questions about the organisation responsible for the care;
and a contractual payment dispute.
Trying to squeeze the entire story into one reporting route may mean none of it is dealt with properly.
Break the situation down.
Identify each issue.
Then send each issue where it belongs.
Good care needs more than good intentions
At Just Care Community, we are not trying to turn carers or families into lawyers.
Quite the opposite.
We want people to understand enough to recognise when something needs professional, regulatory or legal help—and enough not to panic because somebody on Facebook has confidently typed “CQC!!!!” underneath a post.
Professional care means knowing your responsibilities.
It also means knowing your rights.
Knowing who you are working with.
Knowing what you have agreed.
Keeping proper records.
Raising concerns when something is unsafe.
And knowing where those concerns actually belong.
Because when something matters, reporting it loudly is not the goal.
Reporting it to the right place is.
A note about jurisdiction
This article primarily explains the position in England, where CQC regulates health and adult social care and the Care Act 2014 provides the principal statutory adult-safeguarding framework.
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own care regulators and safeguarding arrangements. Some bodies discussed above, including the Fair Work Agency, have a wider Great Britain remit, while civil court procedures also differ across UK jurisdictions.
Always check the route that applies where the care is being provided.
Coming tomorrow — Part 4 of 6 in our mini-series, Know Who You’re Connecting With: "When Well-Meaning Facebook Advice Muddies the Water"
Key legislation and official guidance checked for this article
Care Act 2014, particularly section 42; Care and Support Statutory Guidance; Health and Social Care Act 2008 regulatory framework and CQC complaints guidance; Employment Agencies Act 1973 and Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses Regulations 2003; Employment Rights Act 1996; National Minimum Wage legislation and Fair Work Agency guidance; Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and HSE health and social care guidance; UK data-protection legislation including the Data Protection Act 2018 and Data (Use and Access) Act 2025; HMRC employment-status guidance; Acas employment-status and pay guidance; and HM Courts & Tribunals Service guidance on civil money claims.
Practical support, written agreements and real-world tools.
JCC is a resource hub for independent care — not an agency. Choose the area that fits where you are right now.
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